Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, that emphasizes moral conduct, social harmony, and respect for traditions. It is not considered a religion in the traditional sense, but it deeply influences Chinese culture and values.

Key Beliefs

  • Ren (Humaneness): Central virtue promoting kindness, compassion, and empathy toward others.
  • Li (Ritual Propriety): Observing proper conduct, rituals, and social norms to maintain order and respect.
  • Xiao (Filial Piety): Respect and devotion to one’s parents and ancestors.
  • Yi (Righteousness): Acting according to moral principles and doing what is right.
  • Zhong (Loyalty): Loyalty to one’s family, friends, and society.

Sacred Texts

  • The Analects: A collection of sayings and ideas attributed to Confucius and his disciples, focusing on ethics, politics, and personal conduct.
  • The Five Classics: Ancient Chinese texts including poetry, history, and rituals, regarded as the foundation of Confucianism.
  • The Four Books: Core philosophical works that provide insight into Confucian thought and moral teachings.

Key Figures

  • Confucius (Kong Fuzi): The founder of Confucianism, whose teachings focus on morality, governance, and social harmony.
  • Mencius (Mengzi): A major Confucian philosopher who expanded on Confucius’ ideas, especially regarding human nature and virtue.
  • Xunzi: Another important Confucian thinker, who emphasized the need for education and social institutions to cultivate virtue.

Major Practices

  • Ritual Observances: Performing rituals to honor ancestors, maintain social order, and express respect for traditions.
  • Moral Education: Emphasizing learning and self-cultivation as lifelong processes for personal development.
  • Family and Social Duties: Fulfilling obligations toward family, society, and the state in accordance with Confucian values.

Places of Worship

  • Confucian Temples: Sites where Confucius and other philosophers are venerated, often associated with educational institutions.
  • Ancestral Shrines: Locations where families conduct ceremonies to honor their ancestors.

Symbols

  • The Confucius Symbol (Ru): Represents the teachings and wisdom of Confucius.
  • The Five Relationships: An essential concept that emphasizes harmony through hierarchical relationships such as ruler-subject, parent-child, husband-wife, elder-younger, and friend-friend.

Holidays and Festivals

  • Confucius’ Birthday: Celebrated annually to honor Confucius, with ceremonies and rituals at Confucian temples.
  • Chinese New Year: A major festival that reflects Confucian values of family unity and respect for traditions.

Core Concepts

  • Virtue (De): Moral excellence and integrity as a foundation for personal behavior and governance.
  • The Rectification of Names: The idea that social roles and titles should accurately reflect one’s behavior and duties.
  • The Five Constant Virtues: Humaneness, righteousness, proper conduct, wisdom, and faithfulness as guiding principles.

The Confucian Way of Life

  • Family-Centered Values: Emphasizing respect for elders and strong family bonds.
  • Learning and Self-Cultivation: Lifelong pursuit of knowledge and moral improvement.
  • Social Responsibility: Acting in ways that promote harmony and order in society, based on Confucian principles.